Ongorora Mabasa Evazvino Vatambi Vari Kusundidzira Miganhu Yechivezwa cheBronze Nehunyanzvi Hunyanzvi uye Mafungiro.

Nhanganyaya

Chivezwa chebhuronzi, chine kukosha kwacho kwenhoroondo uye kukwezva kunogara kwenguva refu, chinomira seuchapupu hwekubudirira kwevanhu muunyanzvi mumazera ese. Kufambidzana kubva kumagariro ekare, bronze yakakosheswa nekusimba kwayo, kuita zvakasiyana-siyana, uye hunhu hwekunakisa, zvichiita kuti ive svikiro rakanakira kugadzira matatu-dimensional artwork.

Unyanzvi hwechivezwa chebhuronzi hwakatangira muMesopotamia, Egypt, neGirisi yekare, uko hwakabudirira senzira yevamwari vasingafi, vatongi, uye magamba. Vashandi vane hunyanzvi vakagadzira zvidhori zvebhuronzi zvine hunyanzvi, vachitapa izvo zvezvinhu zvavo nehuchokwadi hunoshamisa uye zvakadzama. Izvi zvivezwa zvakashanda seratidziro dzesimba, kuzvipira kworudzidziso, uye kuzivikanwa kwetsika, zvichisiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki munhau yavanhu.

(Manzwiro muBronze | Coderch & Malavia)

Sezvo mazana emakore akapfuura, chivezwa chebhuronzi chakaramba chichishanduka uye chichienderana nemafambiro matsva nemaitiro. Munguva yeRenaissance, maartist akadai saDonatello naMichelangelo akamutsiridza maitiro ekare ekukanda bhuronzi, achisimudza svikiro kusvika kuhurefu hutsva hwehunyanzvi nehunyanzvi hwekubudirira. Nguva dzeBaroque neNeoclassical dzakawedzera kukurumbira kwechivezwa chebhuronzi, nevavezi vatenzi vakaita saGian Lorenzo Bernini naAntonio Canova vachisundira miganhu yekutaura uye manzwiro.

Contemporary artists vakambundira chivezwa chebhuronzi senzira inobatanidza tsika uye hunyanzvi. Vanoongorora mafomu matsva, vanoedza neabstract concepts, uye vanopikisa miganhu yezvinogoneka. Kuburikidza neunyanzvi hwavo hwekugadzira uye unyanzvi, ava vavezi vanoramba vachifemera upenyu mubhuronzi, vachizadza mabasa avo neudzamu, magadzirirwo, uye rondedzero.

Kukwezva kunogara kwenguva refu kwechivezwa chebhuronzi kuri mukukwanisa kwayo kutora fungidziro uye kumutsa kwakasiyana siyana. Kuvapo kwayo kunobatika uye hunhu hunobatika hunobata vataridzi, huchivakoka kuti vafungisise chimiro chemunhu, vaongorore pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki, kana kufungisisa kuoma kwechiitiko chemunhu. Zvingave zvichiratidzira chokwadi kana chidimbu, zvivezwa zvebhuronzi zvine chinokwezva chisingarambiki chinodarika nguva uye chinokwezva vateereri muzvizvarwa zvese.

(Mvura Yakadzika | Philip WakeMan)

Nhasi, vavezi vebronze vemazuva ano vanoramba vachigadzira nzvimbo yehunyanzvi nehunyanzvi hwavo hwechimiro, kuongorora kwavo zvinhu, uye maonero avo akasiyana. Zvisikwa zvavo zvinotikoka kuti tibatane nezvakapfuura, tifungisise zvazvino, uye tifungidzire remangwana, tichiona kuti chivezwa chebhuronzi chinoramba chiri chimiro chinokosheswa uye chine mukurumbira munyika yedu yanhasi.

Contemporary maitiro uye matekiniki mubronze sculpture

Chivezwa chebronze chemazuva ano chinosanganisira maitiro akasiyana siyana uye matekiniki, uko maartist anosanganisa neunyanzvi nzira dzechinyakare uye dzehunyanzvi kugadzira mabasa anofadza. Uku kusanganiswa kwechinyakare uye kutsva kunofema hupenyu hutsva muchimiro chehunyanzvi, kukwezva vateresi uye vanofarira zvehunyanzvi zvakafanana. Kubvazvidhori zvakakura zvendarirakune zvidimbu zvidiki zviripo zvinotengeswa, zvivezwa izvi zvinoratidza kushanduka uye kuita zvakasiyana-siyana kwebhuronzi sepakati.

Muchivezwa chebronze chemazuva ano, maartist anowanzo ongorora zvisinganzwisisike uye zvine musoro madingindira, achisundira miganhu yefomu uye kutaura. Vanoedza nezvimiro zvisina kujairika, maumbirwo ane simba, uye matekiniki ekuedza kukanda, zvinopikisa zvechinyakare pfungwa dzezvivezwa. Izvi zvitsva zvinoguma nemifananidzo inoshamisa uye inonyandura pfungwa inokwezva vaoni.

Ndichiri kugamuchira hunyanzvi, maartist mazhinji anokweverawo kurudziro kubva kumaitiro echinyakare uye mareferensi enhoroondo. Vanopa rukudzo kutsika dzakapfuma dzechivezwa chebhuronzi, kubatanidza hunyanzvi hwakanatswa uye kunyatsotarisisa kune zvakadzama. Uku kusanganiswa kwechinyakare uye kutsva kunogadzira nhaurirano pakati pekare neazvino, zvichibvumira zvivezwa zvebronze zvemazuva ano kuti zvibatane nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi uku uchipa maonero matsva.

Pamusoro pezvo, kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji kwakakonzera chivezwa chebronze chemazuva ano. Maartist anoshandisa maturusi edhijitari akadai se3D scanning uye kudhinda kugadzira akaomesesa prototypes, achivagonesa kuyedza nemafomu akaoma uye kunyatsotsanangura. Aya maitiro edhijitari anowedzera kushanda nesimba uye nemazvo mukugadzirwa kwezvivezwa zvebhuronzi, zvichifambisira kuzadzikiswa kweakuda uye akaomesesa magadzirirwo.

Kuwanikwa kwezvidhori zvakakura zvendarirauyezvivezwa zvendarira zviri kutengeswainoratidza musika wakasiyana-siyana wemazuva ano webronze kuvezwa. Vanotora uye vanofarira zvehunyanzvi vanogona kuongorora akasiyana masitaera, madingindira, uye saizi, zvichiita kuti zviwanikwe kune vateereri vakawanda. Zvingave zvichiratidzwa munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, kuunganidzwa kwepachivande, kana magaraji, zvivezwa zvebhuronzi zvemazuva ano zvinoramba zvichikwezva uye nekukurudzira vaoni, zvichiratidza kugona kwevanyori vanofambisa zvine hunyanzvi pamharadzano yetsika nerutsva.

Akakurumbira Contemporary Bronze Sculptors

• ANISH KAPOOR

Anish Kapoor muvezi weBritish-Indian anoshanda zvakanyanya mubronze. Zvivezwa zvake zvinowanzova zvakakura uye zvisinganzwisisike, uye zvinowanzoongorora madingindira enzvimbo, chiedza, uye fungidziro. Kapoor mumwe wevavezi vanonyanya kuzivikanwa uye vanoremekedzwa vanoshanda nhasi.

Zvimwe zvezvivezwa zvaKapoor zvine mukurumbira mubronze zvinosanganisira “Untitled (1989)”, “Cloud Gate (2006)”, uye “Revhiatani (2011)”. Zvivezwa izvi zvese zvinoratidzwa nehukuru hwazvo hukuru, nzvimbo dzakatsetseka, dzinoratidzira, uye kugona kwavo kugadzira zvidhori zvemaziso.

Basa raKapoor rakaratidzwa mumamiziyamu makuru nemagaraji pasi rese, uye akahwina mibairo yakawanda, kusanganisira yeTurner Prize muna 1991. Iye inyanzvi chaiyo uye yepakutanga, uye basa rake rinoramba richidenha nekukurudzira vaoni.

(Anish Kapoor's Untitled)

• TONY CRAGG

Tony Cragg muvezi weBritish uyo anoshanda zvakanyanya mubronze. Zvivezwa zvake zvinowanzoita zvisinganzwisisike uye zvejometri, uye vanoongorora madingindira ezvisikwa, muviri, uye nharaunda. Cragg ndomumwe wevavezi vakakosha vari kushanda nhasi, uye basa rake rinoratidzwa mumamiziyamu nemagarari pasi rese.

Zvimwe zvezvivezwa zvake zvakakurumbira zvinosanganisira "Terracotta Heads" (1983), "Torso" (1986), uye "Terris Novalis" (1992). Basa raCragg rinoratidzwa nekushandisa kwayo zvinhu zvakawanikwa, mavara ayo akashinga, uye kutamba uye kuseka kwaro. Ishasha yekushandura zvinhu zvemazuva ese kuita mabasa eunyanzvi anosunga nekuona uye anosimudzira njere.

(Panyika, Nenyasha Lisson Gallery)

• HENRY MOORE

(Maquette: Spindle Piece)

Henry Moore aive muvezi weBritish uyo anozivikanwa zvakanyanya nehafu-abstract monumental yebronze zvivezwa. Mabasa ake anowanzo kuve madonhwe echimiro chemunhu, kazhinji anoratidza amai-nemwana kana vakatsamira nhamba. Zvivezwa zvebhuronzi zvaMoore zvinoratidzwa nemafomu avo ehupenyu, nzvimbo dzisina maburi, uye nzvimbo dzakatsetseka. Akanga ari mumwe wevavezi vane simba zvikuru vomuzana remakore rechi20, uye basa rake richiri kupembererwa nanhasi.

• KIKI SMITH

Kiki Smith, muimbi ane mukurumbira wemazuva ano, akaita zvakakosha pamifananidzo yebronze. Anozivikanwa nekuongorora kwake muviri wemunhu uye kufananidzira kwawo, zvivezwa zvebhuronzi zvaSmith zvinowanzoratidza zvimiro mumatunhu akasiyana-siyana ekushanduka kana kusakuvara. Mabasa ake anosanganisira pfungwa yekusasimba, manzwiro, uye kubatana kwakadzama kune zvakasikwa uye pamweya. Nekunyatsotarisisa kwake kune zvakadzama uye kugona kupinza zvivezwa zvake nenganonyorwa dzakadzama, Kiki Smith akazvisimbisa semuvezi webronze anoshamisa, anokwezva vateereri nezvisikwa zvake zvinotemesa pfungwa uye zvinokwezva.

(Akasungirirwa kuhunhu hwake)

• ARTIS LANE

Artis Lane muvezi webronze ane mukurumbira anozivikanwa nemabasa ake ane simba uye anofadza. Nebasa rakatora makumi akati wandei emakore, Lane akawana mukurumbira nekuda kwekugona kwake kutora zvakakosha zvezvidzidzo zvake mubhuronzi.

Zvivezwa zvake zvine pfungwa inoshamisa yechokwadi uye kudzika, inokwezva vataridzi padanho remanzwiro. Kugona kweLane kwechimiro uye kutarisisa kune zvakadzama kunomubvumira kufema hupenyu mune zvaakasika, zvichimutsa pfungwa yekubatana uye introspection. Mipiro yake kumunda wemazuva ano chivezwa chebhuronzi yakasimbisa nzvimbo yake semuimbi ane mukurumbira uye ane simba munyika yehunyanzvi.

(Bust of Sojourner Chokwadi)