Ongorora Mavambo uye Kukudziridzwa kweBronze Sculpture Mumarudzi Akasiyana Uye Nguva Nguva

Nhanganyaya

Chivezwa chebhuronzi imhando yezvivezwa inoshandisa simbi yendarira sechinhu chayo chikuru. Bronze ialloy yemhangura netin, uye inozivikanwa nekusimba kwayo, kusimba, uye kugoneka kwayo. Izvi zvimiro zvinoita kuti ive chinhu chakanakira chivezwa, sezvo chinogona kukandwa mumhando dzakaomarara uye yobva yapedzwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro.

Nhoroondo yezvivezwa zvebhuronzi inodzokera kuBronze Age, iyo yakatanga kutenderera 3300 BC. Zvivezwa zvebhuronzi zvekutanga zvinozivikanwa zvakaitwa muChina uye zvaishandiswa kuita tsika nekushongedza. Zvivezwa zvebhuronzi zvakakurumidza kupararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, kusanganisira Egypt, Girisi, uye Roma

(Olympia Greece Solid Bronze Horse: Kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 5 BC)

Munyika yeClassical, chivezwa chebhuronzi chaikosheswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekunaka kwayo uye kugona kwehunyanzvi. Zvizhinji zvezvivezwa zvakakurumbira kubva panguva ino, seWinged Kukunda kweSamothrace uye Discobolus, zvakagadzirwa nebhuronzi.

Chivezwa chebronze chakaramba chichizivikanwa muMiddle Ages uye Renaissance. Munguva iyi, bhuronzi yakashandiswa kugadzira zvivezwa zvechitendero uye zvenyika. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, chivezwa chebhuronzi chakawana rumutsiridzo, sezvo maartist akadai saAuguste Rodin naEdgar Degas vakatanga kuyedza nehunyanzvi uye masitayera.

Nhasi, zvivezwa zvebhuronzi zvichiri nzira yakakurumbira yevanyori. Inoshandiswa kugadzira ese makuru-akakura eruzhinji zviyeuchidzo uye madiki-zvikero mabasa ehunyanzvi evaunganidzi vega. Chivezwa chebhuronzi chimiro chehunyanzvi uye chisingaperi chakafarirwa nevanhu kwemazana emakore.

Mienzaniso yeBronze Sculptures munhoroondo inosanganisira:

• DAVID (DONATELLO)

(Bronze David, Donatello)

David chivezwa chebhuronzi chakaitwa nemuvezi weItaly Donatello. Yakagadzirwa pakati pe1440 ne1460 uye inoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha mabasa eRenaissance chivezwa. Chifananidzo chacho parizvino chiri kuratidzwa paAccademia Gallery muFlorence, Italy.

David chivezwa chakaenzana nehupenyu hwegamba remubhaibheri David, akakunda hofori Goriati nechipfuramabwe. Chifananidzo chacho chakaitwa nebhuronzi uye chakareba 1.70 metres. Dhavhidhi anoratidzwa sejaya, ane muviri une tsandanyama uye achiratidza chivimbo. Haana kupfeka kunze kwengowani nebhutsu. Chifananidzo chacho chinozivikanwa nokuda kwekuratidzwa kwayo kwechokwadi kwemuviri wemunhu uye kushandiswa kwayo kwe contrapposto, nzvimbo iyo uremu hwemuviri hunoendeswa kune imwe hip, zvichiita pfungwa yekufamba uye simba.

David pakutanga akagadzwa nemhuri yeMedici, iyo yaitonga Florence panguva iyoyo. Chifananidzo chacho chakatanga kuiswa muchivanze chePalazzo Vecchio, asi chakaendeswa kuAccademia Gallery muna 1873 kuti chidzivirire kubva kumamiriro ekunze.

David anoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha mabasa eRenaissance chivezwa. Inyanzvi yechokwadi uye unyanzvi, uye chiratidzo chakasimba cheushingi, simba, uye kukunda.

David inowanikwachifananidzo chebhuronzi chiri kutengeswayakagadzirwa nevavezi nevagadziri vakawanda vane mbiri nhasi. Zvakanakisisa zvavo ndizvoIyo Artisan Studio, Bata navo kana iwe uchifarira mufananidzo weichi chifananidzo chine mukurumbira

David chivezwa chakanaka uye chine hunyanzvi. Kana uri kutsvaga achifananidzo chikuru chendariraizvo zvichawedzera kubata kwekunaka kumba kwako kana hofisi, ipapo chifananidzo chaDavid isarudzo huru.

• MUFUNGA

(Mufungidzi)

Mufungi ndiye achivezwa chikuru chendariranaAuguste Rodin, kazhinji anoiswa pachigadziko chedombo. Basa racho rinoratidza murume asina kupfeka ane hugamba akagara padombo. Anoonekwa akazembera, gokora rekurudyi rakagadzikwa pachidya chekuruboshwe, akabata kurema kwechirebvu kuseri kweruoko rwerudyi. Iyo pose ndeyekufunga kwakadzama uye kufungisisa, uye chifananidzo chinowanzoshandiswa semufananidzo kumiririra uzivi. Rodin akabata chimiro ichi sechikamu chebasa rake The Gates of Hell rakagadzwa muna 1880, asi yekutanga yeyakajairwa mhangura yebhuronzi yakaitwa muna 1904 uye ikozvino inoratidzwa kuMusée Rodin, muParis.

Muenzaniso weichi chivezwa, semamwe mabasa aRodin, aive muscular French prizefighter uye wrestler Jean Baud, ainyanya kuoneka mudunhu dzvuku-chiedza. Jean Baud akaratidzwawo pa1911 Swiss 50 franc noti naHodler. Yekutanga iri muMusée Rodin muParis. Chivezwa chacho chine hurefu hunosvika 72 cm, chakaitwa nebhuronzi, uye chainge chakanatswa uye chakakwenenzverwa. Iro basa rinoratidza murume asina kupfeka chimiro chehukuru hwehugamba akatsiga, ane tsandanyama, uye akaiswa mukati, achifunga nezve zviito uye magumo evanhu vakagara padombo.

The Thinker ndechimwe chezvivezwa zvine mukurumbira pasi rose. Yakagadzirwazve mumhando dzisingaverengeki, kubva pazvidhori zvidiki kusvika kumabasa makuru eruzhinji. Ichowo chimwe chezvakanyanya kuvezwa zvidhori zveBronze zviri kutengeswa. Chifananidzo chiratidzo chine simba chekufunga, kufungisisa, uye kugadzira. Chiyeuchidzo chekuti tese tinokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvikuru kana tikangotora nguva yekufunga.

The Thinker isarudzo yakakurumbira yechifananidzo chikuru chendarirazveruzhinji art. Yakaiswa mumapaki, mapindu, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji pasirese. Chifananidzo chiyeuchidzo chekuti tese tinokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvikuru kana tikangotora nguva yekufunga.

• MBORO IRIKUCHAJA

Bull Kuchaja, inozivikanwawo seBowling Green Bull kana Wall Street Bull, chivezwa chebhuronzi naArturo Di Modica. Yakagadzirwa muna 1989 uye iri muBowling Green, Manhattan, New York City.

(Nzombe Inochaja)

Chivezwa chiratidzo chetarisiro yemari uye kubudirira. Iyo inoratidzira nzombe, chiratidzo chemusika wemasheya, ichichaira mberi. Nzombe iyi inosvika 11 m (3.4 m) kureba uye inorema 7,100 pounds (3,200 kg). Yakagadzirwa nebhuronzi uye inokandwa nenzira yakarasika-namo.

Bull Inochaja yakatanga kuiswa pamberi peNew York Stock Exchange musi wa15 Zvita 1989, sechipo chakashamisa kuguta. Yakazoendeswa kuBowling Green, kwayakaramba iripo kubva ipapo. Chivezwa chave nzvimbo inofarirwa nevashanyi uye chinowanzo shandiswa seseri kwemifananidzo.

Iyo Kuchaja Bull chiratidzo chakasimba chekusimba kwemari uye kusimba. Icho chiyeuchidzo chokuti kunyange mukutarisana nenhamo, hupfumi hweAmerica huchagara huripo.

Bull Kuchaja yanga iri nyaya yekunetsana kwakawanda. Vamwe vanhu vakashoropodza chivezwa ichi vachiti chine zvepabonde uye chinosimudzira mhirizhonga. Vamwe vakapikisa kuti chivezwa chiratidzo chemakaro uye kunyanyisa. Nekudaro, iyo Kuchaja Bull inoramba iri chiratidzo chakakurumbira cheNew York City uye yehupfumi hweAmerica.

Kune avo vanotorwa moyo nechiratidzo uye kukwezva kweThe Charging Bull, kuva nechifananidzo chebhuronzi cheiyi mifananidzo yemifananidzo mukana wakakosheswa.Iyo Artisan Studiozvinopazvidhori zvebhuronzi zviri kutengeswa, zvichibvumira vanofarira kuunza kubata kwesimba reWall Street uye simba munzvimbo dzavo.

Kuisa mari mumufananidzo webronze weThe Charging Bull inobvumira vanhu kuti vagamuchire simba rekufananidzira uye kutsunga kwazvinomiririra vachiwedzera kubata kwehunyanzvi hukuru kune zvakavapoteredza. Zvingave zvichiratidzwa mumusha, muhofisi, kana munzvimbo yeruzhinji, chivezwa chebhuronzi ichi chinova chinhu chepakati chinokwezva, chinokurudzira kubudirira uye kusimba mune vese vanochiona.

• MANNEKEN PIS

(Manneken Pis)

Manneken Pis inzvimbo inokosha 55.5 cm (21.9 mu) chivezwa chebronze fountain pakati peBrussels, Belgium, inoratidza puer mingens; kakomana kasina kusimira kachiitira weti mutsime remutsime. Kunyangwe kuvepo kwayo kuchipupurirwa kare sepakati pezana ramakore rechi 15, yakagadziridzwa patsva nemuvezi weBrabantine Jérôme Duquesnoy Mukuru uye yakaiswa munzvimbo muna 1618 kana 1619. Niche yayo yedombo mumhando yerocaille yakatanga kubva 1770

Manneken Pis yakadzokororwa kubiwa kana kukuvadzwa munhoroondo yayo yose. Yakatanga kubiwa muna 1619, makore maviri chete pashure pokunge yaiswa. Yakazowanikwazve mazuva mashomanana gare gare, uye kubvira ipapo yakabiwazve ka13. Muna 1965, chifananidzo chakapambwa neboka revadzidzi vaida rudzikinuro rwemiriyoni imwe yeBelgian francs. Chifananidzo chakadzorerwa chisina kukuvadzwa mazuva mashomanana gare gare.

Manneken Pis inzvimbo yakakurumbira yekukwezva vashanyi uye yakaratidzwa mumafirimu mazhinji nematerevhizheni. Icho zvakare chiyeuchidzo chakakurumbira, uye kune akawanda makopi eiyochifananidzo chebhuronzi chiri kutengeswa.

Manneken Pis chiratidzo cheBrussels neBelgium. Icho chiyeuchidzo chekunakidzwa kweguta uye nhoroondo yaro yekuzvidza izvo zvisingaite.

Zvingave zvichiratidzwa mubindu, nzvimbo yeruzhinji, kana muunganidzwa wepachivande, chivezwa chebhuronzi ichi chinova nzvimbo inonakidza, inoparadzira kuseka uye kuwedzera kubata kwekunakidza kune chero marongero. Mannekis Pis inowanikwachifananidzo chebhuronzi chiri kutengeswayakagadzirwa nevavezi nevagadziri vakawanda vane mbiri. Zvakanakisisa zvavo ndizvoIyo Artisan Studio,Artisanine mukurumbira wakanaka maererano nemhando uye maitiro ekutaurirana ebasa pakati pese indasitiri yebhuronzi

Kuisa mari mu achifananidzo chikuru chendarirayeManneken Pis inobvumira munhu kupemberera mufaro uye kusaremekedza kunosanganisira. Gamuchira mweya weManneken Pis uye inoyevedza yebhuronzi replica, uye pinza nharaunda yako nehupenyu hunofadza hweBrussels' tsika nhaka.

• MAMAN

Maman chivezwa chikuru chebhuronzi naLouise Bourgeois. Idandemutande, rakareba mamita makumi matatu uye rinopfuura mamita makumi matatu paupamhi. Inosanganisira bhegi rine mazai makumi matatu nemaviri emarble uye dumbu raro nechipfuva zvakagadzirwa nebronze ine mbabvu.

(Maman, Ottawa)

Chivezwa chakagadzirwa muna 1999 uye parizvino chiri kuratidzwa paGuggenheim Museum muNew York City. Musoro ishoko rinozivikanwa rechiFrench raAmai (zvakafanana naAmai). Chivezwa ichi chakagadzirwa muna 1999 naBourgeois sechikamu chekomisheni yake yekutanga yeThe Unilever Series (2000), muTurbine Hall kuLondon Tate Modern.

Chivezwa chinotora dingindira rearachnid iro Bourgeois akatanga kufungidzira mune diki inki uye marasha kudhirowa muna 1947, achienderera mberi neiye 1996 sculpture Spider. Zvinoreva kusimba kwaamai vaBourgeois, nemadimikira ekuruka, kuruka, kurera nekudzivirira. Amai vake, Josephine, aive mukadzi aigadzirisa matepi mumusangano wababa vake wekudzosera machira muParis. Bourgeois paakanga ava nemakore makumi maviri nerimwe, akafirwa naamai vake kuchirwere chisingazivikanwi.

Maman akaratidzirwa mumaguta makuru pasirese, kusanganisira Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, neSydney. Yakarumbidzwa nevatsoropodzi nokuda kwesimba rayo norunako. Chivezwa ichi chakashoropodzwawo nehukuru hwacho uye kuratidza chimiro chemunhukadzi sedandemutande.

Pasinei nekushoropodzwa, Maman anoramba ari chivezwa chakakurumbira uye chekufananidzira. Icho chiyeuchidzo chakasimba chekusimba uye kusimba kwevakadzi.

Zvifananidzo zvakakura zvebhuronzi zveMaman zvinowanikwa kutengeswa kubva kune vanoverengeka vatengesi vepamhepo. Zvakanakisisa zvavo ndizvoIyo Artisan Studio, Bata navo kana iwe uchifarira mufananidzo weichi chifananidzo chine mukurumbira

• MURUME WEBHRONDE NA CENTAUR

(Bronze Man uye Centaur, Metropolitan museum of Arts)

Iyo Bronze Man uye Centaur ndeye 8th yezana BC chivezwa chebhuronzi, chakagadzirwa muGreece pakati pe8th century BC, munguva yeArchaic Greece. Iko zvino yave muunganidzwa weMetropolitan Museum yeArt. Chivezwa ichi chaive chipo chekufa kwaJ. Pierpont Morgan chakapihwa kuMetropolitan Museum muna 1917.

Chivezwa idiki, 4 3/8 inches (11.1 cm) kureba, mufananidzo wemurume uye centaur mukurwa. Murume akabata pfumo, ukuwo centaur akabata bakatwa. Murume wacho akati rebei kudarika centaur, uye anoita seari kurova centaur.

Chivezwa chakagadzirwa nebhuronzi, uye chinokandwa nenzira yakarasika-namo. Chivezwa chiri muchimiro chakanaka, asi chinoratidza zvimwe zviratidzo zvekusakara uye kubvaruka. Pfumo remurume haripo, uye bakatwa recentaur rakuvadzwa.

Iyo Bronze Man uye Centaur muenzaniso usingawanzo uye wakakosha wepakutanga chiGiriki chivezwa. Icho chimwe chezvishoma zvivezwa zvakasara kubva panguva yeArchaic, uye inopa tarisiro mukutanga kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwechiGiriki.

Chivezwa chacho chakakoshawo nekuti chinoratidza murume necentaur mukurwa. Macentaurs aive zvisikwa zvengano zvaive hafu-murume nehafu-bhiza. Vaiwanzoratidzirwa sezvisikwa zvechisimba uye zvinotyisa, uye vaiwanzoshandiswa sechiratidzo chemhirizhonga uye kusagadzikana.

Mufananidzo wemurume necentaur mukurwa unoratidza kuti maGiriki aiona macentaurs senjodzi kubudiriro yavo. VaGiriki vaiva vanhu vakabudirira zvikuru, uye vaikoshesa kurongeka nokunzwanana. Macentaurs, kune rumwe rutivi, aionekwa sesimba remhirizhonga uye kusagadzikana.

Iyo Bronze Man naCentaur chiyeuchidzo chine simba chekupokana pakati pekurongeka uye mhirizhonga, budiriro uye barbarism. Chiyeuchidzo chokuti kunyange munzanga dzakabudirira zvikuru, nguva dzose munogona kuva nemhirizhonga nenyongano.

Mhedziso

Mukupedzisa, iyo nhoroondo yebronze chivezwa chiratidzo chekusingaperi kweiyi fomu yeunyanzvi. Kubva kwayakabva mumagariro echinyakare kusvika pakuzivikanwa kwayo nhasi, chivezwa chebhuronzi chakakwezva uye nekukurudzira zvizvarwa. Kunaka, kusimba, uye kuita zvakasiyana-siyana kwebhuronzi sechinhu chakabvumira maartist munhoroondo yese kugadzira mabasa akanaka kwazvo anomira nenguva. Zvingave zviri zvemhando yepamusoro zveGreece yekare kana dudziro dzemazuva ano dzevanyori vemazuva ano, chivezwa chebhuronzi chinoramba chichikosheswa nekugona kwacho kuburitsa manzwiro, kutora nguva munhoroondo, uye kusiya chimiro chisingaperi kune avo vanokoshesa hunyanzvi hwacho.