Mufananidzo: Courtesy Naturhistorisches Museum

The ur sculpture of art history, kamufananidzo kadiki aka kakareba masendimita mana pakureba kwakawanikwa kuAustria muna 1908. Hapana anoziva kuti wakashanda sei, asi kufungidzira kwakasiyana kubva pamwarikadzi wembereko kusvika pakubatsira bonhora. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti inogona kunge yaive mufananidzo wemunhukadzi. Ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yezvinhu zvakawanda zvakadaro kubva ku Old Stone Age.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/Philip Pikart

Mufananidzo uyu wanga uri mucherechedzo werunako rwechikadzi kubvira pawakatanga kufukunurwa muna 1912 mukati mematongo eAmarna, guta guru rakavakwa naFarao ane nharo zvikuru wenhoroondo yekare yeEgipita: Akhenaten. Hupenyu hwamambokadzi wake, Nefertiti, chinhu chisinganzwisisike: Zvinofungidzirwa kuti akatonga saFarao kwekanguva mushure mekufa kwaAkhenaten-kana zvimwe, semubatsiri weMukomana King Tutankhamun. Vamwe Egyptologist vanotenda kuti aive amai vaTut. Iri bhutu reraimu rakavharwa netuko rinofungidzirwa kuve rakagadzirwa nemaoko aThutmose, muvezi wedare reAkhenaten.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/Maros M raz

Yakawanikwa muna 1974, Mauto eTerracotta inzvimbo yakakura yezviumbwa zvevhu zvakavigwa mumakomba matatu makuru padyo neguva raShi Huang, mambo wekutanga weChina, akafa muna 210 BC. Zvichireva kumudzivirira muhupenyu hwepashure perufu, Hondo inotendwa nedzimwe fungidziro kuti inodarika varwi zviuru zvisere pamwe nemabhiza mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu nengoro zana nemakumi matatu. Imwe neimwe ihukuru hwehupenyu, kunyangwe kureba chaiko kuchisiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yemauto.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/LivioAndronico

Zvichida chivezwa chakakurumbira chekare cheRoma,Laocoön neVanakomana Vakerakafukunurwa pakutanga muRome muna 1506 ndokutamira kuVatican, kwainogara nanhasi. Zvinobva pangano yemupristi weTrojan akaurayiwa pamwe chete nevanakomana vake nenyoka dzemugungwa akatumwa namwari wegungwa Poseidon semubairo wekuedza kwaLaocoön kufumura hunyengeri hweTrojan Horse. Yakaiswa pakutanga mumuzinda waMambo Titus, iri boka rekufananidzira rehupenyu, rinonzi kune vatatu vevavezi vechiGreek kubva kuChitsuwa cheRhodes, harienzaniswi sechidzidzo chekutambura kwevanhu.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia/Livioandronico2013

Rimwe remabasa akanyanya kunaka munhoroondo yese yehunyanzvi, David's Michelangelo aive nemavambo epurojekiti yakakura yekushongedza madziro ekereke huru yeFlorence, iyo Duomo, neboka rezviverengero zvakatorwa muTestamente Yekare. TheDhavhidhiyakanga iri imwe, uye yakatangwa muna 1464 naAgostino di Duccio. Mumakore maviri akatevera, Agostino akakwanisa kukanganisa chikamu chebhokisi guru remarble rakavezwa kubva kune yakakurumbira quarry muCarrara asati amira muna 1466. (Hapana anoziva chikonzero nei.) Mumwe muongorori akatora slack, asi iye, zvakare, chete. akashanda pairi muchidimbu. Marble yakaramba isina kubatwa kwemakore 25 akatevera, kutozosvikira Michelangelo atangazve kuiveza muna 1501. Akanga aine makore 26 panguva iyoyo. Paakapedza, Dhavhidhi akayera matani matanhatu, zvichireva kuti yaisakwanisa kukwidziridzwa padenga rekereke. Pane kudaro, yakaratidzwa kunze kwemukova wePalazzo Vecchio, horo yeguta reFlorence. Iyo nhamba, imwe yeakachena distillation yeHigh Renaissance style, yakabva yambundirwa neruzhinji rweFlorentine sechiratidzo chekupokana kweguta-nyika pachayo kurwisa masimba akashongedzerwa kurwisa. Muna 1873, theDhavhidhiyakaendeswa kuAccademia Gallery, uye replica yakaiswa panzvimbo yayo yepakutanga.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Wiki Media/Alvesgaspar

Achibvumwa semuvambi weiyo High Roman Baroque maitiro, Gian Lorenzo Bernini akagadzira iyi nyanzvi yechapel muChechi yeSanta Maria della Vittoria. Baroque yakanga yakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki neKurwisa Kuchinja uko Chechi yeKaturike yakaedza nayo kumisa kupararira kwechiPurotesitendi kuEurope muzana remakore rechi17. Zviumbwa zvakaita saBernini zvaive chikamu chechirongwa chekusimbisa dzidziso yePapa, inoshandirwa zvakanaka pano nenyanzvi yaBernini yekuzadzikisa zviitiko zvechitendero nenganonyorwa dzinoshamisa.Ecstasymuenzaniso chaiwo: Musoro waro—Saint Teresa wekuÁvila, sisita wekuCarmelite wekuSpain uye munhu asinganzwisisike akanyora nezvekusangana kwake nengirozi—anoratidzwa apo ngirozi yava kuda kupinza museve mumwoyo make.Ecstasy's erotic overtones hazvikanganisike, zviripachena mune the nun's orgasmic expression uye jira rinomonyoroka richiputira manhamba ese. Mugadziri wezvese semuimbi, Bernini akagadzirawo marongero eChapel mune marble, stucco uye pendi.

Mufananidzo: Nekuda kweMetropolitan Museum yeArt/Fletcher Fund

Mutariri weItaly Antonio Canova (1757-1822) anoonekwa semuvezi mukuru wezana ramakore rechi 18. Basa rake rakaratidza chimiro cheNeo-Classical, sezvaungaona mushanduro yake mumabhura egamba rengano rechiGiriki Perseus. Canova akatoita mavhezheni maviri echidimbu: Imwe inogara kuVatican kuRome, nepo imwe yakamira muMetropolitan Museum yeArt's European Sculpture Court.

Mufananidzo: Iyo Metropolitan Museum yeArt

Nepo tenzi weImpressionist Edgar Degas achinyanya kuzivikanwa semupenda, akashandawo mukuveza, achigadzira izvo zvaive zvine nharo kuedza kwakanyanya kwekuita kwake. Degas yakagadzirwaMutambi Mudiki Wemakore gumi nemanakunze kwewakisi (kubva makopi ebhuronzi akatevera akakandwa mushure mekufa kwake muna 1917), asi chokwadi chekuti Degas akapfekedza chinyorwa chake chinozivikanwa mune chaiyo yebhallet costume (yakakwana ne bodice, tutu uye slippers) uye wigi yebvudzi chairo yakakonzera kunzwa.Danceryakatanga paSixth Impressionist Exhibition ye1881 muParis. Degas akasarudzwa kuti afukidze zvakawanda zvekushongedza kwake muwakisi kuti aenderane nemamwe maitiro emusikana, asi akachengeta tutu, pamwe chete nebhabhoni inosunga kutsigira bvudzi rake, sezvavakanga vari, zvichiita kuti mufananidzo wacho uve mumwe wemienzaniso yekutanga yechinhu chakawanikwa. art.Dancerndiyo chete chivezwa chakaratidzwa naDegas muhupenyu hwake; mushure mekufa kwake, mimwe mienzaniso 156 yakawanikwa ichipera mustudio yake.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Nepo vanhu vazhinji vachibatanidza muvezi mukuru weFrance Auguste Rodin nayeThe Thinker, musangano uyu wekurangarira chiitiko mukati meHondo Yemakore Ane zana (1337–1453) pakati peBritain neFrance unonyanya kukosha kunhoroondo yezvivezwa. Kutumwa kupaki muguta reCalais (uko kukomba kwegore rose kwakaitwa neChirungu muna 1346 kwakasimudzwa apo vakuru vatanhatu veguta vakazvipira kuti vaurawe vachichinjana kuchengetedza vanhu),The Burghersakanzvenga mafomati ezviyeuchidzo panguva iyoyo: Panzvimbo pezviverengero zvakatsaurwa kana kuiswa mupiramidhi pamusoro pechigadziko chakareba, Rodin akaunganidza zvidzidzo zvake zvehukuru hwehupenyu zvakananga pasi, pamwero nemuoni. Iyi nhanho huru yekuenda kuchokwadi yakaputsika nemabatirwo ehugamba anowanzo kupihwa mabasa ekunze akadaro. WithThe Burghers, Rodin akatora imwe yenhanho dzokutanga kuenda kune zvivezwa zvemazuva ano.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Wally Gobetz

Muna 1912, Picasso akagadzira kadhibhodhi maquette yechidimbu chaizove nehukuru hwekuita pahunyanzvi hwezana remakore rechi20. Zvakare muunganidzwa weMoMA, yairatidza gitare, chidzidzo icho Picasso aiwanzoongororwa mukupenda uye collage, uye mune zvakawanda,Gitareakatamisa collage's cut and paste matekiniki kubva pamativi maviri kusvika matatu. Zvakaita zvimwe chete kuCubism, zvakare, nekuunganidza zvimiro zvakatsetseka kuti zvigadzire fomu rakapetwa rine zvese kudzika uye vhoriyamu. Hutsva hwaPicasso hwaive hwekunzvenga kuveza uye kuenzanisira kwechivezwa kubva muhuremu hwakasimba. Pane kudaro,Gitareyakanga yakasungirirwa pamwe chete sechivako. Iyi pfungwa yaizodzoka kubva kuRussia Constructivism ichidzika kusvika kuMinimalism uye nekumwe. Makore maviri mushure mekugadziraGitaremumakadhibhodhi, Picasso akagadzira iyi vhezheni mumarata akachekwa

Mufananidzo: Iyo Metropolitan Museum yeArt

Kubva pamavambo ayo akasimba kusvika pakuzvarwa kwayo kwekupedzisira kwefascist, Italian Futurism yakavhundutsa pasirese, asi hapana kana basa rimwechete rakaenzanisira sheer delirium yekufamba kupfuura ichi chivezwa nechimwe chemwenje chayo chinotungamira: Umberto Boccioni. Kutanga semupendi, Boccioni akatanga kushanda mumativi matatu mushure merwendo rwekuenda kuParis muna 1913 umo akashanyira masitudiyo evavezi vanoverengeka veavant-garde venguva iyoyo, vakadai saConstantin Brancusi, Raymond Duchamp-Villon naAlexander Archipenko. Boccioni vakagadzira pfungwa dzavo muichi chiumbwa chine simba, chinoratidza mufananidzo unomhanya wakaiswa mu "synthetic kuenderera" kwekufamba sekutsanangurwa kwazvakaitwa naBoccioni. Chidimbu ichi chakatanga kugadzirwa mupurasita uye hachina kukandwa mushanduro yayo yebhuronzi yakajairika kusvika 1931, mushure mekufa kwemuimbi muna 1916 senhengo yeuto remauto eItaly munguva yeHondo Yenyika I.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Steve Guttman NYC

Akazvarwa muRomania, Brancusi aive mumwe wevavezi vakanyanya kukosha vekutanga-20th century modernism-uye zvechokwadi, mumwe weakanyanya kukosha munhoroondo yese yezvivezwa. Imwe mhando yeproto-minimalist, Brancusi akatora mafomu kubva kune zvakasikwa uye akaagadzirisa kuva abstract anomiririra. Manyorerwo ake akapesvedzerwa nehunyanzvi hwechivanhu hwekumusha kwake, hwaiwanzoratidza hunyoro hwejometri mapatani uye stylized motifs. Haanawo mutsauko pakati pechinhu nechigadziko, achizvitora, mune zvimwe zviitiko, sezvikamu zvinochinjana—nzira yaimiririra kuparadzaniswa kwakakosha netsika dzezvivezwa. Ichi chidimbu chemufananidzo mufananidzo wemuenzaniso wake uye mudiwa, Margit Pogány, mudzidzi wehungarian wekuHungary waakasangana naye muParis muna 1910. Kudzokorora kwekutanga kwakavezwa mumarble, kuchiteverwa nekopi yepurasita iyo iyi bhuronzi yakagadzirwa nayo. Iyo plaster pachayo yakaratidzwa muNew York pane inozivikanwa Armory Show ye1913, apo vatsoropodzi vakaiseka nekuinyengedza. Asi zvakare yaive chidimbu chakanyanya kudhindwa mushow. Brancusi akashanda pamhando dzakasiyana dzeMlle Poganykweanenge makore makumi maviri.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy The Museum of Modern Art

Bhasikoro Wheelinoonekwa seyekutanga yeDuchamp's revolutionary readymades. Nekudaro, paakapedza chidimbu muParis studio yake, akange asingazive kuti oidaidza kuti chii. "Ndakanga ndine pfungwa inofadza yekusungirira vhiri rebhasikoro pachituru chemukicheni ndotarisa richitenderera," Duchamp aizodaro. Zvakatora rwendo rwe1915 kuenda kuNew York, uye kuratidzwa kune yakakura yeguta goho rezvinhu zvakavakwa fekitori, kuti Duchamp iuye nenguva yakagadzirira. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, akatanga kuona kuti kugadzira hunyanzvi mune yechinyakare, kugadzirwa nemaoko kwaiita sekusina musoro muIndustrial Age. Kuzvinetserei, akadaro, apo zvinhu zvinogadzirwa zvinowanika zvakawanda zvaigona kuita basa racho. Kuna Duchamp, pfungwa yekuseri kwemifananidzo yaive yakakosha pane magadzirirwo ayo. Pfungwa iyi-zvichida yekutanga muenzaniso chaiwo weConceptual Art-yaizoshandura zvachose nhoroondo yehunyanzvi kuenda kumberi. Zvakawanda sechinhu chakajairika cheimba, zvisinei, chepakutangaBhasikoro Wheelhaina kurarama: Iyi vhezheni inonyatso fananidzirwa kubva 1951.

Mufananidzo: Whitney Museum yeAmerican Art, © 2019 Calder Foundation, New York/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York

Chimiro chinodiwa cheiyo Whitney Museum yekuunganidza zvachose,Calder's Circusanodhiza iyo inotamba essence yakaunzwa naAlexander Calder (1898-1976) semuimbi akabatsira kuumba 20th-sculpture.Circus, iyo yakasikwa panguva yemuimbi muParis, yakanga isinganyanyi kujeka kupfuura "mobiles" yake yakaturika, asi nenzira yayo pachayo, yakangofanana nekinetic: Yakagadzirwa kunyanya kubva waya uye huni,Circusyakashanda sechinhu chepakati chemitambo yekuvandudza, umo Calder aifamba-famba nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yairatidza vanopikisa, vanomedza minondo, vapfuri veshumba, nezvimwewo, senge mwari weringi.

Mufananidzo: Rubatsiro The J. Paul Getty Museum

Semupendi uye mugadziri wematepi pamwe nemuvezi, muimbi wechiFrench Aristide Maillol (1861-1944) anogona kunyatsotsanangurwa seNeo-Classicist yemazuva ano akaisa mutsara, 20th-century spin pane yechinyakare Greco-Roman statuary. Anogona zvakare kutsanangurwa seanochengetedza zvakanyanya, kunyangwe zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti kunyange avant-garde venguva saPicasso vakagadzira mabasa mukuchinjirwa kweNeo-Classical maitiro mushure meHondo Yenyika I. Nyaya yaMaillol yaive mukadzi asina kupfeka, uyeL'Air, akasika musiyano pakati pehuremu hwezvinhu zvechidzidzo chake, uye maratidziro aanoita seanoyangarara muchadenga—kudzikamisa, sokunge zvakadaro, muviri wakaremara nokuvapo kwekufamba kwenguva.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Flickr/C-Monster

Imwe nyanzvi yeJapan inoshanda mumasvikiro akawanda, Kusama akauya kuNew York muna 1957 achidzokera kuJapan muna 1972. Munguva iyi, akazvisimbisa semunhu mukuru wemudhorobha, uyo ane unyanzvi hwakabata nheyo dzakawanda, kusanganisira Pop Art, Minimalism. uye Performance Art. Semukadzi muimbi aiwanzotaura nezve bonde revakadzi, aive zvakare mutungamiriri weFeminist Art. Basa raKusama rinowanzo ratidzwa nemaitiro e hallucinogenic uye kudzokororwa kwemafomu, kufungidzira kwakadzika midzi mune mamwe mamiriro epfungwa - hallucinations, OCD - akatambura kubva paudiki. Zvose izvi zveunyanzvi nehupenyu hwaKusuma zvinoonekwa mubasa iri, umo chigaro chakajairika, chakakwidibirwa chiri nyore chinoputirwa zvisingatyiswi nekubuda kwakaita sedenda renhengo dzesikarudzi dzakagadzirwa nemucheka wakasonerwa.

Mufananidzo: Whitney Museum yeAmerican Art, New York, © 2019 Estate of Marisol/ Albright-Knox Art Gallery/Artist Rights Society (ARS), New York

Anozivikanwa nezita rake rekutanga, Marisol Escobar (1930-2016) akaberekerwa muParis nevabereki vekuVenezuela. Semuimbi, akashamwaridzana nePop Art uye gare gare Op Art, kunyangwe zvine chimiro, aive asiri weboka. Pane kudaro, akagadzira tafura yekufananidzira iyo yairehwa sechikadzi satires yemabasa echikadzi, mukurumbira uye hupfumi. InVakadzi neImbwaanotora kururamisa kwevakadzi, uye nzira iyo mipimo yakasimwa yevakadzi inoshandiswa kuvamanikidza kuwirirana.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Rocor

Bhokisi reBrillo pamwe ndiro rinonyanya kuzivikanwa remabasa ezvivezwa eWarhol akagadzirwa pakati pemakore ekuma'60s, izvo zvakatora tsvakiridzo yake yetsika dzepop muzvikamu zvitatu. Sezita rekuti Warhol akange apa studio yake — iyo Factory — muimbi akahaya vavezi kuti vashande rudzi rwemutsetse wekugadzira, vachiroverera pamwechete mabhokisi emapuranga muchimiro chemabhokisi ezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira Heinz Ketchup, Kellogg's Corn Flakes uye Campbell's Soup, se. zvakanaka Brillo sipo pads. Akabva apenda bhokisi rega rega ruvara runoenderana nepakutanga (chena mune yaBrillo) asati awedzera zita rechigadzirwa uye logo mune silkscreen. Yakagadzirwa muzvizhinji, mabhokisi aiwanzo kuratidzwa mumirwi mikuru, achinyatso shandura chero gallery yaaive mairi kuita yemhando yepamusoro-tsika fakisi yeimba yekuchengetera. Chimiro chavo uye serial kugadzirwa kwaingove kugutsurira-kana parody ye-iyo-yakabva-ichangoburwa Minimalist maitiro. Asi chokwadi chaichoBrillo BhokisiNdiwo mabatiro azvinoita kuswedera kuchinhu chaicho kunokanganisa magungano ehunyanzvi, zvichireva kuti hapana mutsauko chaiwo pakati pezvakagadzirwa uye basa kubva ku studio yemuimbi.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Esther Westerveld

Zita raDonald Judd rinofanana nereMinimal Art, musangano wepakati pe'60s wakanyungudutsa dhizaini yemazuva ano yekusaita zvinhu zvakakosha. Kuna Judd, chivezwa chaireva kutaura kuvapo kwekongiri yebasa iri muchadenga. Pfungwa iyi yakatsanangurwa nezwi, "chaiyo chinhu," uye nepo mamwe maMinimalist akachigamuchira, Judd ane nharo akapa pfungwa iyi kutaura kwayo kwakachena nekutora bhokisi sechimiro chake siginicha. SaWarhol, akazvigadzira sezvikamu zvinodzokorora, achishandisa zvinhu uye nzira dzakakweretwa kubva mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Kusiyana nemakani emasopu eWarhol naMarilyns, hunyanzvi hwaJudd hahurevi chinhu kunze kwega. "Mirwi" yake ndeimwe yezvikamu zvake zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Rimwe nerimwe rine boka remabhokisi asina kudzika akagadzirwa nerata rerata, anosvetukira kubva kumadziro kugadzira mbiru yezvinhu zvakaenzana. Asi Judd, uyo akatanga ari mupendi, aingofarira ruvara uye magadzirirwo sezvaaive ari muchimiro, sekuonekwa pano negirinhi-tinted auto-body lacquer yakaiswa pamberi pebhokisi rega rega. Kudyidzana kwaJudd kwemavara uye zvinhu kunopaIsina Zita (Stack)kukurumidza kunaka kunonyorovesa ayo abstract absolutism.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Flickr/Rocor

SaBenglis, Hesse aive mukadzi muimbi akasefa Postminimalism kuburikidza neine nharo yevakadzi prism. Mumwe muJudha akatiza muNazi Germany achiri mudiki, akaongorora mafomu ehupenyu, achigadzira zvidimbu mumaindasitiri efiberglass, latex uye tambo yaiburitsa ganda kana nyama, nhengo dzesikarudzi nedzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. Tichifunga nezvemabviro ake, zvinoyedza kuwana undercurrent yekushungurudzika kana kunetseka mumabasa akadai seaya.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy The Museum of Modern Art

Kutevera Judd naFlavin, boka revatambi vakabva paMinimalism's aesthetic yemitsara yakachena. Sechikamu chechizvarwa chino chePostminimalist, Richard Serra akaisa pfungwa yechinhu chaicho pane steroids, ichiwedzera kukura kwayo uye huremu, uye kuita kuti mitemo yesimba rinokwevera isimbise kune iyo pfungwa. Akasika zviito zvekuenzanisa zvisina kujeka zvesimbi kana marata emutobvu nemapombi anorema mumatani, izvo zvaive nemhedzisiro yekupa pfungwa yekutyisidzira kubasa. (Panguva mbiri, mbavha dzaiisa Serra zvimedu zvakaurayiwa kana kuremara apo basa rakadonha netsaona.) Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, basa raSerra rakatora curvilinear kunatsa iyo yakaita kuti ive yakakurumbira zvikuru, asi mukutanga kuenda, inoshanda seOne Ton Prop (Imba. yeMakadhi), iyo ine mahwendefa mana emutobvu akasendamira pamwe chete, aitaura zvaimunetsa noutsinye hwakananga.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/Soren.harward/Robert Smithson

Zvichitevera maitiro akajairwa echivanhu mukati memakore ekuma1960 nema1970, maartist akatanga kumukira kutengeserana kwenyika yegalari, vachigadzira hunyanzvi hutsva hwakadai sepasi. Aizivikanwawo seunyanzvi hwepasi, mutambi wemhando yepamusoro aive Robert Smithson (1938-1973), uyo, pamwe nevaimbi vakaita saMichael Heizer, Walter De Maria naJames Turrel, vakapinda mumagwenga eWestern United States kugadzira mabasa makuru ayo. vakaita mukuwirirana nenzvimbo dzavo. Iyi saiti-yakananga maitiro, sekudaidzwa kwayakazoitwa, yaiwanzo shandirwa zvinhu zvakatorwa zvakananga kubva kumamiriro. Ndizvo zvakaita Smithson'sSpiral Jetty, iyo inopinda muUtah's Great Salt Lake kubva kuRozel Point pamhenderekedzo yegungwa iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Yakagadzirwa nematope, makristasi emunyu uye basalt yakabviswa panzvimbo,Spiral Jetty zviyero1,500 ne15 tsoka. Yakanyudzwa pasi pegungwa kwemakumi emakore kusvikira kusanaya kwemvura mukutanga kwema2000 kwaiunza pamusoro zvakare. Muna 2017,Spiral Jettyyakanzi iyo yepamutemo artwork yeUtah.

Mufananidzo: Courtesy CC/Wikimedia Commons/FLICKR/Pierre Metivier

Basa rekusaina remuimbi akaberekerwa muFrance,Spideryakasikwa pakati pe-1990s apo Bourgeois (1911-2010) akanga atova nemakore makumi masere. Inowanikwa mune dzakawanda shanduro dzezviyero zvakasiyana, kusanganisira mamwe ari makuru.Spiderinoreva semutero kuna amai vemuimbi, mudzori wematepi (saka chirevo che arachnid's propensity yekuruka mawebhu).

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Akahwina mubairo weTurner Prize muna 1994, Antony Gormley ndomumwe wevavezi vemazuva ano vane mukurumbira muUK, asi anozivikanwawo pasi rese nekuda kwekutora kwake kwakasiyana-siyana kwehunyanzvi hwekufananidzira, umo misiyano yakakura muchiyero uye manyorerwo. kazhinji, patemplate imwe chete: Kuumbwa kwemuviri wemuimbi. Izvi ndezvechokwadi nezvechiyeuchidzo chikuru chine mapapiro chiri pedyo neguta reGateshead kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEngland. Akagara mumugwagwa mukuru,Angelinokwira kusvika pamamita 66 pakureba uye inotambanuka mamita 177 muhupamhi kubva kumuromo webapiro kuenda kumuromo webapiro. Sekureva kwaGormley, basa iri rinorehwa sechiratidzo chechiratidzo pakati pekare maindasitiri eBritain (chivezwa chiri munyika yemarasha yeEngland, moyo weIndustrial Revolution) neramangwana rayo repashure pemaindasitiri.

Kutendeseka CC/Flickr/Richard Howe

Inodanwa nerudo kuti "Bhinzi" nevaChicago kune yakabhenda ellipsoidal fomu,Cloud Gate, Anish Kapoor's public art centerpiece for the Second City's Millennium Park, zvose mifananidzo uye zvivakwa, zvinopa Instagram-yakagadzirira archway yeSvondo strollers nevamwe vashanyi kupaki. Yakagadzirwa negirazi resimbi,Cloud Gate's inonakidza-imba inofungidzira uye yakakura-chiyero inoita iyo Kapoor inonyanya kuzivikanwa chidimbu.

Nekuda kwemuimbi uye Greene Naftali, New York

Basa raRachel Harrison rinobatanidza chirevo chekupedzisira nehunyanzvi hwekupinza zvinhu zvinoita sezvisinganzwisisike zvine zvirevo zvakawanda, kusanganisira zvematongerwo enyika. Anobvunza zvine hukasha monumentality uye kodzero yechirume inoenda nazvo. Harrison anogadzira huwandu hwezvivezwa zvake nekurongedza uye kuronga mabhuroko kana masirabhu eStyrofoam, asati aafukidza musanganiswa wesimende uye nekupenya. Iyo cherry pamusoro ndechimwe chinhu chinowanikwa, chingave chega kana chakabatana nevamwe. Muenzaniso wepamusoro ndeiyi mannequin iri pamusoro pefomu yakarebesa, pendi-yakapwanyika. Akapfeka kape, uye akatarisa kumashure-akatarisana naAbraham Lincoln mask, basa rinotumira dzidziso yemunhu mukuru wenhoroondo netsanangudzo yaro yemukundi weNyika Yekare akamira kureba padombo rine ruvara rwe clown..