Kudikanwa kwemvura yakachena muBritain yezana ramakore rechi 19 kwakatungamirira kurudzi rutsva uye rwakaisvonaka rwefanicha yomumugwagwa.Kathryn Ferry anoongorora tsime rekunwa. Isu tiri kurarama munguva yelocomotive, yemagetsi telegraph, uye yemhepo yekutsikirira…' akadaro.Art Journalmuna Kubvumbi 1860, asi 'kunyangwe iyezvino hatisati tafambira mberi zvakanyanya kupfuura kuedza kwakadaro kungazotitungamira kuti tipe mvura yakachena… kuti tizadzise zvinodiwa neruzhinji rwedu.'Vashandi veVictorian vakamanikidzwa kushandisa mari padoro uye gin nekuti, kune zvese zvakanaka zveindasitiri, mvura yakaramba iine zvimiro uye yakasvibiswa zvakanyanya.Vaikurudzira kuzvidzora vakapikisa kuti kuvimba nedoro ndiko kwaiva musimboti wezvinetso zvevanhu, kusanganisira urombo, kuparwa kwemhosva uye kushayiwa. Zvitubu zvekunwira veruzhinji zvemahara zvakarumbidzwa sechikamu chakakosha chemhinduro.Chokwadi, theArt Journalyakashuma nzira iyo vanhu vanoyambuka London nesabhabhu, 'vanogona kunzvenga kuona zvitubu zvakawanda zviri kwese-kwese zvichikwira, sezvingaite, nemashiripiti, kuvapo'.Izvi zvinyorwa zvitsva zvefenicha yemumugwagwa zvakaitwa nekufarira kwevapi vakawanda, avo vakatsvaka kuvandudza tsika dzevanhu kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwechisipiti, pamwe chete nebasa racho.Zvitaera zvakawanda, zviratidzo zvekushongedza, zvirongwa zvekuveza uye zvinhu zvakashongedzwa kuchinangwa ichi, zvichisiya nhaka yakasiyana-siyana inoshamisa.Zvitubu zvekutanga zverudo zvaive zvimiro zvakapfava.Mutengesi weUnitarian Charles Pierre Melly akatanga pfungwa iyi mutaundi rokumusha kwake reLiverpool, aona kubatsira kwemvura yokunwa yakachena inowanika pachena paakashanya kuGeneva, Switzerland, muna 1852. Akavhura tsime rake rokutanga paPrince's Dock muna March 1854, achisarudza yakakwenenzverwa. red Aberdeen granite nekuda kwekusimba kwayo uye inopa kuenderera kuyerera kwemvura kudzivirira kuputsika kana kusashanda kwematepi. Yakaiswa mumadziro echiteshi, chitubu ichi chaive nebheseni rekunwira rine makapu ekunwa akasungirirwa nemaketani kumativi ese, iyo yese yakavharwa ne pediment. (Fig 1)Mumakore mana akatevera, Melly akapa mari mamwe matsime makumi matatu, achitungamira bato rakapararira nekukurumidza kune mamwe maguta, anosanganisira Leeds, Hull, Preston neDerby.London yakasara kumashure.Zvisinei netsvakiridzo yaDr John Snow yakaratidza kubuda kwecholera muSoho kudzokera kumvura kubva papombi yeBroad Street uye nemamiriro ehutsanana anonyadzisa akashandura rwizi rweThames kuita rwizi rwetsvina, achigadzira The Great Stink of1858, makambani mapfumbamwe emvura eLondon akaramba asingachinji.VaSamuel Gurney MP, muzukuru wemuratidziri wezvemagariro Elizabeth Fry, akatora chikonzero, padivi pebarrister Edward Wakefield.Musi waApril 12, 1859, vakavamba Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association uye, mavhiki maviri gare gare, vakavhura chitubu chavo chekutanga mumadziro echechi yeSt Sepulcher, muGuta reLondon.Mvura yaiyerera ichibva mugoko jena remabhura ichipinda mubheseni rakaiswa mukati meivhu diki regranite.Ichi chimiro chinoramba chiripo nhasi, kunyangwe pasina mutsara wayo wekunze weRomanesque arches.Nenguva isipi rakanga rava kushandiswa nevanhu vanopfuura 7 000 zuva nezuva. Zvitubu zvakadaro zvakaenzana kana zvichienzaniswa nemienzaniso yakaisvonaka zvikurusa yavakabereka.Asi, sezvaNhau Dzekuvakazvakacherekedza nenzira yoruefully muna 1866: ‘Kwave kuri chimiro chokunyunyuta pamusoro pavasimudziri veiyi sangano kuti vakamisa matsime anotyisa zvikurusa ayo sezvingabvira angagona kugadzirwa, uye zvamazvirokwazvo mamwe eanoshamisira anoratidzira runako ruduku seayo asingadhuri. 'Iri raive dambudziko kana vaizokwikwidzana neichoArt Journalkunonzi 'kushongedza kwakanaka uye kunopenya' umo 'kunyangwe zvinonyangadza mudzimba dzeveruzhinji zvakawanda'.Nhamburiko dzekugadzira mashoko eunyanzvi aitaura madingindira emvura uye aibaya pfungwa yetsika dzakanaka zvakasanganiswa.Nhau Dzekuvakaasina chokwadi kuti munhu upi noupi aizoshuva ‘mamwe maruva anoyerera, shumba dzinorutsa, mateko anochema, Mosesi anorova dombo, misoro isingafadzi nemidziyo yairatidzika zvakashata.Kusagadzikana kwose kwakadaro hakuna musoro uye hakusi kwechokwadi, uye kunofanira kuodzwa mwoyo.'Rudo rwaGurney rwakagadzira bhuku repateni, asi vanopa vaiwanzosarudza kugadza mugadziri wavo.Behemoth yematsime ekunwa, yakavakirwa muHackney's Victoria Park naAngela Burdett-Coutts, inodhura ingangoita £6,000, mari yaigona kunge yakabhadhara mazana maviri emhando dzemhando.Burdett-Coutts's favourite architect, Henry Darbishire, akasika chiratidziro chinokwira kusvika kune anopfuura 58ft. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaedza kuisa chimiro, chakapedzwa muna 1862, nekupfupisa zvikamu zvayo zvemaitiro seVenetian / Moorish / Gothic / Renaissance, asi hapana chinotsanangura eclecticism. nani pane epithet 'Victorian'.Kunyangwe ichishamisa kune yakawandisa yekuvaka iyo yakawedzera kune vagari veEast End, inomirawo sechiyeuchidzo kune zvinofarirwa nevatsigiri vayo.Chimwe chitubu cheLondon chinoshamisira ndicho Buxton Memorial (Fig 8), zvino muVictoria Tower Gardens.Akatumwa naCharles Buxton MP kuti apemberere chikamu chababa vake mumutemo we 1833 Slavery Abolition Act, yakagadzirwa naSamuel Sanders Teulon muna 1865. Kuti adzivise kutaridzika kwedenga rekutungamirira kana kuti flatness yeslate, Teulon akatendeukira kuSkidmore Art Manufacture uye. Constructive Iron Co, ine unyanzvi hutsva hwakashandisa maplaque esimbi ane mapatani akasimudzwa kuti ape mumvuri uye acid-resint enamel kuti ipe ruvara. Mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana nekuona peji rezvinyorwa zvaOwen Jones muna 1856.The Grammar of Ornamentakaputira spire.Madhishi mana egranite echisipiti pachacho anogara mukati mekathedhiro kadiki yenzvimbo, pasi pembiru yakakora yepakati inogamuchira matsime akapfava emhete yekunze yemashaft masere emakoramu akaungana.Chikamu chepakati chechivakwa ichi, pakati pearcade neshongwe, chakashongedzwa nekushongedza kwemosaic uye nematombo eGothic akavezwa kubva kumusangano waThomas Earp.Kusiyana kweGothic kwakaratidza kufarirwa, sezvo chimiro chaive chefashoni uye chakabatana nerunako rwechiKristu.Tichifunga basa renzvimbo itsva yemusangano wevanhu, mamwe matsime ainyatsoita semichinjikwa yemusika yepakati nepinacled uye crocketed spires, sepaNailsworth muGloucestershire (1862), Great Torrington muDevon (1870) (Fig 7) uye Henley-on-Thames muOxfordshire (1885).Kumwe kunhu, imwe Gothic ine tsandanyama yakaunzwa, yakaonekwa mumitsetse inobata mazisovoussoirschetsime raWilliam Dyce reStreatham Green muLondon (1862) uye chitubu chaAlderman Proctor paClifton Down muBristol naGeorge naHenry Godwin (1872).PaShrigley muCo Down, iyo 1871 Martin yekurangarira chitubu (Fig 5) rakagadzirwa nemugadziri wechidiki weBelfast Timothy Hevey, akaita shanduko ine hungwaru kubva kune octagonal arcade kuenda ku square clock tower ine nyama inobhururuka buttresses.Sezvakaita zvitubu zvakawanda zvine mukurumbira mudimikira iri, chimiro chacho chaisanganisira mufananidzo wakaoma kunzwisisa wezvivezwa, zvino wakuvadzwa, unomirira kunaka kwechiKristu.Iyo hexagonal Gothic tsime paBolton Abbey (Fig 4), yakasimudzwa mundangariro yaIshe Frederick Cavendish muna 1886, rakanga riri basa remapurani eManchester T. Worthington naJG Elgood.Maererano neLeeds Mercury, ine 'nzvimbo yakatanhamara pakati penzvimbo, iyo isingangoita imwe yematombo anopenya kwazvo muYorkshire, asi inodiwa kune vese nekuda kwekubatana kwayo nemukuru wehurumende ane zita rinoda kurangarirwa'. Fountain-Gothic yakaratidza. pachayo chigadziko chinochinjika chezvirangaridzo zvevoruzhinji, kunyangwe zvaive zvakajairika kuti mienzaniso mishoma inoshongedzerwa kunongedzera zvakanyanya kumariro.Zvitaera zvemumutsiridzo, zvinosanganisira Classical, Tudor, Italianate naNorman, zvakacherwawo kufemerwa.Kuwedzeredza kwekuvaka kunogona kuoneka nekuenzanisa chitubu chaPhilip Webb kuShoreditch muEast London nechitubu chaJames Forsyth kuDudley kuWest Midlands.Iyo yekutanga haina kujairika pakugadzirwa sechikamu chakakosha chechirongwa chikuru chekuvaka;iyo yekupedzisira ingangove yaive muenzaniso wakanakisa kunze kweLondon.Dhizaini yaWebb ye1861–63 yaive chikamu chenzvimbo yekugara kwevanyanzvi paWorship Street, chirongwa chaifadza kwazvo kumisimboti yake yesocialist.Sezvingatarisirwa kubva kuna piyona weArts-and-Crafts Movement, Tsime reWebb raive rechimiro chepared-pasi chakavakirwa kutenderedza capital yakaumbwa zvakanaka pamusoro peiyo polygonal column.Pakanga pasina chishongo chisingadikanwi.Kusiyana neizvi, chitubu che 27ft-chakakwirira chakatumirwa naEarl weDudley muna 1867 chakashongedzwa kusvika padanho rinotyisa, rakavakirwa pakavhurika arched.Muvezi James Forsyth akawedzera fungidziro yehafu-yedenderedzwa kumativi ese ane hasha-anotarisa ma dolphin achirasira mvura muzvidyiro zvemombe.Pamusoro peizvi, mahafu epamberi emabhiza maviri anoita seanokanda kunze kwechivakwa kubva padenga repiramidi rakaiswa neboka rekufananidzira rinomiririra Indasitiri.Chivezwa ichi chaisanganisira mifananidzo yemichero nematombo anokosha amwari werwizi nenyifi yemvura.Mapikicha ezvakaitika kare anoratidza uku pomposity yeBaroque yakamboenzaniswa nemarambi mana esimbi, ayo asina kungogadzira tsime, asi aivhenekera kuti anwe husiku. zvitubu (Fig 6)Kubva kutanga kwema1860, Wills Brothers veEuston Road, London vakabatana neCoalbrookdale Iron Works muShropshire kuti vatange mukurumbira wehunyanzvi hwekuita evhangeri.Mural zvitubu zvinopona muCardiff uye Merthyr Tydfil (Fig 2) anoratidza Jesu achinongedzera kumurayiro wokuti 'Ani nani anonwa mvura yandichamupa ini haangatongovi nenyota nokusingaperi'.Coalbrookedale yakagadzirawo magadzirirwo ayo, akadai sechitubu chekunwa pamwe chete nechinwiro chemombe chakaiswa paSomerton muSomerset, kuratidza kugadzwa kwaEdward VII muna 1902. Saracen Foundry yaWalter Mac-farlane muGlasgow yakapa shanduro dzayo dzakasiyana (Fig 3) kunzvimbo dziri kure seAberdeenshire uye Isle of Wight.Dhizaini yepatent, iyo yakauya muhukuru hwakasiyana, yaisanganisira bheseni repakati pasi pekanopi yesimbi ine perforated ine cusped arches yakagadzika pambiru dzesimbi dzakatetepa.TheArt Journalyakaona mhedzisiro yacho kuve 'asi Alhambresque' uye nekudaro yakakodzera kumashandiro ayo, chimiro ichi 'chinogara chakabatana mupfungwa neyakaoma sultry East, uko mvura inoyerera inonyanya kudiwa kupfuura waini yerubhi'.Mamwe magadzirirwo esimbi akatorwa zvakanyanya.Muna 1877, Andrew Handyside naCo weDerby vakapa tsime rakavakirwa paChoragic Monument yeLysicrates muAthens kuchechi yeLondon yeSt Pancras.Iyo Strand yakanga yatove netsime rakafanana, rakagadzirwa naWill Bros uye rakapihwa naRobert Hanbury, iro rakatamiswa kuWimbledon muna 1904.